The Joys of Motherhood free essay sample

THE CHANGING PARADIGMS OF THE LOVE LAWS The Joys of Motherhood, by Buchi Emecheta, describes the hardships of life in West-Africa from the perspective of Nnu Ego. The novel reveals the byproducts of development and colonialism in West-Africa; byproducts that affect society’s hierarchy of gender and subservience. Through the Englishman’s intervention in West-Africa, the economic well-being of families is greatly restored. However, this supposed positive change also casts many negative circumstances, in which the gender roles of male and female become more fluid. The shifting of gender roles within The Joys of Motherhood is a direct consequence of the colonialism and economic development of West-Africa. This traditional alteration as a direct result of economic enticement affects Arundhati Roy’s, Love Laws, when economics becomes the overriding factor in life itself. The Love Laws are governed by one’s economical standings. If a person brings no financial incentive to the table, then they become less loved. We will write a custom essay sample on The Joys of Motherhood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cordelia said, when talking about her husband Ubani, (CH4) â€Å"Men here are too busy being white men’s servants to be men. We women mind the home. Not our husbands. Their manhood has been taken away from them. The shame is that they don’t know it. † When colonialism met traditional twentieth century West-African society, it completely altered the roles of men. Nnu Ego agreed with Cordelia, saying that it felt like she was wedded to a middle-aged woman during the first stage of her second marriage, when Nnu Egos husband Nniafe was working for the Meers. Nnu Ego also has little respect for Nniafe, as she criticizes not only Nniafes conscious subordination by the Meer family, but also the fact that he takes pride in his job. This subservient role men play is not necessarily caused by Colonialism, but rather the capitalist based labor system they imposed upon West-African society. Men are only acting on behalf of the economic incentive working for colonialists gives them. Nniafe and Ubani take no regard towards the dignity and masculinity of their jobs. Since the colonization and development of West-Africa, the paradigm has adopted a new hierarchal prototype based on fiscal power. All other cultural aspects of life also take the second tier. This compromises their role as superiors, as they are now cast on the second tier. It also consumes their once predetermined power and the vivid line between males and females. These sentiments resonate the constant theme in the novel, that Lagos corrupts and permanently alters tradition. This in turn robs one of his individual identity and manhood. However, the Love Laws stay intact. No matter how Cordelia and Nnu Ego react towards their husbands serfdom by the Meers, they are still in full dependence. Societal tradition and culture are rendered obsolete when facing the Love Laws, since the only weighing factor on who should be loved is ones economic well-being. God, when will you create a woman who will be fulfilled in herself, a full human being, not anybody’s appendage? she prayed desperately. † As an Ibo mother, Nnu Ego has the expectation of others to prepare her sons for the future. The ones who bear the brunt are Nnu Ego’s daughters. Women are not expected to live a full life. They are expected to birth children, preferably sons, and rig htfully do their penance to provide their sons with the best future possible. Girls have little worth in the traditional West-African culture. Their only value is the bride price they manage to stamp on their forehead. Women are expected to shadow their husbands’ identity, with no worth to themselves apart from the future generations they breed. However, the quote also brings up Nnu Egos extremely pivotal hypothesis: the idea of foregoing a collective society for a more individualistic and autonomous one. Colonialism delivered a new economic and social order to Lagos, in which the role of both men and women has changed. Has Nnu Ego found an outlet to the suppressed life that women currently live in Lagos? She watches her husband perform the daily chores of a supreme woman, one with divine power over men. Nniafe is laundering clothes for Mrs. Meers, feeling no subservience or regret. Nnu Ego begins to anticipate the changes in the traditional culture, as a direct result from colonial influence. The economic shift, that was brought over by the colonists, had one very impacting side effect: with money, comes independence. She shift in gender roles began to dwell in Nnu Egos mind, as she anticipated a future where women will be of prime importance, rather than simply being used to serve their superiors and collective society at the expense of themselves. By stimulating your own economic well-being, Nnu Ego can lived a self-fulfilled life, one without the influence of men. Nnu Ego is envisioning a world that will allow her to be more loved. If she manages to provide an adequate amount of money for herself and her family, they will love her more. If she can become more individualistic, they will love her more. In this scenario, in which Nnu Ego forecasts a world where individual finances dictate who should be loved, the gender line between male and female roles becomes almost outmoded by economic incentives. However, there is one major factor that is standing in the way of her enlightened future. Ironically, it is also a womens only worth: children. â€Å"Her love and duty for her children were like her chain of slavery. † This quote stands as the antithesis of the books title, and it proves to be true throughout the book. Instead of Nnu Ego and the many other women in the Ibo community living a self-fulfilling life, motherhood casts on them a sense of enslavement. This sense of enslavement is also Nnu Egos sense of identity. Her foremost function is to bear children, seeing that it is the only way of achieving rank and respect in the eyes of society. Nnu Egos struggle between achieving independence and respect is a double-edge sword. When she cannot impregnate herself, she fears she will become a disrespected cast-away of society. However, her lack of reliance gives her a knack for self-sufficiency. On the other hand (or sword), once Nnu Ego is able to produce children, she becomes ill-equipped to provide for them, and loses her freedom of self. The quote shows a very distinct paradox between a womans intent to bear children, and her overall goal for independence. It also shows the changing paradigms of the Love Laws. Ever since colonialism and development of Africa, the economic incentives have rewarded people financially for making certain choices and behaving in a certain way, that is, working for the Englishmen. This is a form of competitive employment and allows for socioeconomic polarization, as the incentively propelled workers are taking more initiative towards performing well, and less towards their social environment. Social constituents may tend to lose the cultural-catalysis in mens inter-personal relations amid their cut-and-dry lifestyle. This, in turn, culturally bounds their sense of responsibility and spirit. These husbands detachment to traditional living causes their wives to see their transformation and emancipation over time. Nnu Ego not only sees the subordination and cultural-loss of her husband, fueled by money, but also the independence that individual ambition gives him. She notices the changing dynamics of the Love Laws, as she starts to become less loved and Nniafe becomes more loved. While Nnu Ego is trying to nurture her children out of poverty, enslaved to her kids, Nniafe is acting on individual initiative. The Love Laws have changed, because whether Nnu Ego likes it or not, she isnt the provider for the family. â€Å"She had been trying to be traditional in a modern urban setting. It was because she wanted to be a woman of Ibuza in a town like Lagos that she lost her child. This time she was going to play according to the new rules. † Nnu Ego cannot hold onto to her traditions when society is becoming culturally-bounded due to economic incentives. You can never step into the same river; for new waters are always flowing on to you. † The fact that economics surpasses all other cultural, social, and traditional incentives represents the changing paradigms in the Love Laws. . In Nnu Egos traditional vision of the family, individual concerns are secondary to the livelihood of the group. Nniafe was acting on individual initiative. What dictates who sh ould be loved is economical. This is a direct consequence of the colonization of West-Africa. The colonialism of West-Africa positively charged the economy and negatively cast the traditional culture on the second-tier. In effect, the line discerning gender roles became more transparent. Adam Smith, father of modern economics, once said â€Å"individual ambition serves the common good†. In the economic sense, this statement is true. It transcends to Nniafe and Nnu Ego, and also their children Adim, Oshia, and Kehinde, who all retaliate against strict hierarchies implicit in the family structure and dethrone the mantle of tradition by having what is most taboo in their culture: individual ambition.

Mujtaba 456 (4) Essays

Mujtaba 456 (4) Essays Mujtaba 456 (4) Essay Mujtaba 456 (4) Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Mujtaba 456 (4) Growth of population has numerous effects on a country. America is no exception. This article discusses several issues concerning this. First, the article discusses the causes of the exponential population growth, experienced between 1800 and 1890, in the United States. Next, the article breaks down the population growth, according to origins and localities. Thirdly, this article explains the role of immigration in this surge. Finally, the article attempts to explain the costs of immigration to the United States. The population of the United States more than tripled, in the period between 1860 and 1890. This is attributable to several factors. First, Immigration plays a significant role in the aforementioned growth. Immigration depends on two factors, the Atlantic slave trade and European Immigration. Hughes and Cain (107) state: â€Å"the German speaking regions of Europe produced nearly 1 million immigrants to the United States.† The influx of European settlers was mostly due to crop failures, such as the Irish famine. Second, there was a high birth rate in the United States. Hughes Cain (104) state that, the birth rate went down to 41.4 per 1000 births in 1860, from 55 per 1000 earlier. This rate was still higher than other European countries. The aforementioned population surge significantly affected urban regions. Between 1860 and 1890, the American urban population grew by over 20 percent. The high immigration of people to the more-developed North Eastern cities proves this. Hughes and Cain (110) state: â€Å"3.6 million foreign-born whites lived in the Northeast and East-North-Central states; a mere 391,000 lived in the Southern states†. In that period, the white population grew by around 86 percent. Similarly, the foreign-born population grew by around 14 percent. However, by 1890, the birth rate had slowed by a half. The population growth in America had various results, in an economic perspective. First, it enabled the manufacturing sector of the economy to grow. This fact is attributable to ready labor, provided by the immigrants. Hughes Cain (114) state: â€Å"in the 1840s, manufacturing employment grew more rapidly than any other sector (123.2 percent), increasing its share of total employment from 8.9 percent to 14.0 percent.† Construction and the service industries also grew at unheard of rates (Hughes Cain 114). Therefore, the real output per capita of the United States grew largely. However, the rise in population also led to more mouths to feed countered this effect to some extent. The real income growth per capita was around 1 percent for that period. As a result, the growth of population in the country stands questioning. The article has tried to explain the role of population growth on the economy of the United States. However, other effects have also been discussed, such as, demographics of States/regions in the United States. The article also discusses the reasons for immigration into the United States by European people, though to a lesser extent. From this article, we see that, the American economy benefited from immigration from Europe. Hughes, Jonathan R. T, and Louis P. Cain. American Economic History. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 2010. Print.

Anything that relate to Macroeconomic Research Proposal

Anything that relate to Macroeconomic - Research Proposal Example It is observed that illegal Mexican immigrants are less likely to become US citizens. Mexico’s close proximity to the US and noticeable difference in the living standards or life quality between the two countries are the major reasons amplifying the rate of Mexican migration flow to the US. For many Mexican immigrants, just finding a job is the main goal of their migration to US. Statistical data indicate that the rate of illegal migration from communities all throughout Mexico to the US significantly increased during the 1980s. Undoubtedly, illegal immigration has notable effects on the US social system also. This paper will analyze whether or not the illegal Mexican immigration would benefit the US economy. History of Illegal Mexican Immigration The history of illegal Mexican immigration can be dated back to the mid-19th century. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to the end of Mexican-American War in 1848 and this treaty reduced the size of Mexico by 45% because Mexico was forced to surrender the land known today as California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah to the United States. Following the war, Americans had to recruit many workers to build a railroad and to enhance other infrastructure development activities. For this, Americans brought roughly 55,000 migrant workers to former Mexican territories during the period 1850-1880. American leaders were happy to welcome Mexican immigrants because those immigrant workers were willing to work under harsh conditions even though they were paid substandard wages. The immigration flow to the US particularly increased from 1910 with the Mexican revolution. During this period, nearly 50,000 Mexican people migrated to the US every year in order to find a job. American leaders welcomed Mexican immigrants with open arms until they realized that the employment difficulties caused was the result of the increased Mexican immigration. In response to the public protests, the US government forcibly deported almost 2 million Mexican immigrants, including native-born Americans, to Mexico in 1929. During the time of the World War II, United States was badly in need of labors and hence the country again encouraged Mexican immigration. Based on the Bracero Program mutually agreed by US and Mexican officials, Mexican workers again migrated to the US until 1964. Since then the US government and corporations has been indirectly encouraging Mexican immigration flow so as to meet their labor needs at cheap costs. As many authors point out, there is an unspoken agreement between illegal Mexican immigrants, the US government, and corporations. Statistics of Illegal Mexican Immigrants According to the American Community Survey, 11,478,000 foreign born Mexican immigrants were residing in the US as of 2009 (as cited in border relations, n. d.). Mexican immigrants constituted 29.8% of all immigrant populations in US in the same year. As Valdes (2012) reported in CNN July 13, report published by the Pew Hispanic Cente r indicates that over 58% of the identified illegal immigrants in the US are Mexicans. Surveys also report that Mexican illegal immigrants mainly reside in states including California, Texas, Florida, and New York. It is observed that the Illegal Mexican population tends to concentrate in a different set of occupations as compared to other illegal population. However, nearly 1.4 million Mexicans including documented and undocumented immigrants moved

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example Amber has made an offer to pay David  £20,000 after supplying the computer software. David accepted the offer and by commencing to fulfil his obligations, David has simply accepted to be bound by the terms of the contract. The terms of the contract are that David would be paid  £20,000 and finish the contract by 30/05/04. Therefore there exists one of the essentials of a valid contract i.e. consensus and ideam a part from offer and acceptance. This principle refers to a ‘meeting of the minds’. It must be shown that both parties understand the subject matters of the contract before agreeing (assenting). None of the parties i.e. between David and Amber can deny knowledge to the terms of the contract. However, an offer terminates if a counter offer is made to them. This is a reply to an offer whose effects is to vary the terms of the original offer. A counter offer extinguishes the original offer and the person to whom it was originally made cannot move it. However, it can result in a contract if its terms are accepted by the original offers.

Legal Issues-Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Issues-Business Law - Essay Example The medium of transaction in the online world may not satisfy the existing legal requirements like a contract should be in writing. Like in the conventional business transactions, there are concerns to regulate online commerce. However, the nature of traditional business and online commerce differ significantly. It is these differences that lead to legal issues to arise. The legal issues relating to online commerce is further compounded by the fact that the existing law is territorial. This implies that the existing law is limited in its application to the persons or activities within the boundaries of a region or a state. Unlike the usual business transactions, online commerce does not occur within the precincts of one physical location. It is crucial that the law should adapt to the online commerce needs, as well as respond to the differences between traditional commerce and online commerce. The law must adapt to online commerce realities by providing a clear guidance for parties engaging in electronic communication and online commerce. This is particularly important in simulating online commerce to reach its full commercial potential. I agree with the article that the law needs to evolve in order to address emerging issues in online communications and particularly online commerce. It is important that the law should be designed to accommodate the traditional aspect and online commerce as well. The book titled â€Å"Code† written by Lawrence Lessig provides insights into the whole concept of online commerce. In order to have a better understanding and its implications, particularly legal perspectives, this paper will highlight what is important in chapters 1, 2 and 3 of the book. In chapter one, the book provides historical background of the advent of online commerce. The chapter discusses the beginning of a new political society after the collapse of communism in Europe. It further points out to the fact that a

Customer Relationship Strategy Case Study: Sainsburys

Customer Relationship Strategy Case Study: Sainsburys Research background: This research paper is focused strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship. In this research paper we will go through the different methods implemented by Sainsbury to gain relation with a customer. In todays global market relationship management had gained a lot of importance in every  business. The customer relationship is not confined with service industry, now a days  manufacturing industries too fallowing good relationship with their customers. The customer relationship management is applied by most of organizations because customer is the king in every business and he is the centre point to provide the revenue to a organization. Customer relationship management is a transparent wall between the customer and organization. Customer relationship will be measured based on the loyalty presenting by customer. So now going to discuss about the strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship 3. Organization background: Sainsbury is a super market which will operates its business in retail sector from the year 1869. Sainsburys is started by james and Mary Ann Sainsburys. The growth and development of the Sainsbury was increased rapidly and leads to one of the major player in the retailers of UK. It started from single shop and now grown up to 900 retail outlets in the UK. It performs its business operations with 180,000 employees. Sainsburys is the first supermarket which came in market with their own products like soft drinks, food materials and glossaries. It is one of supermarket which provides it services by online and the customer in the store is also given the chance to bill their products. The major competitors of the Sainsbury are TESCO and ASDA. In the part of business, store deals with different range of products for all class of people in the society. Sainsbury maintains good customer relations. Pest Analysis of Sainsbury Political Factors Taxation Sainsbury will get taxed based on their taxation code provided by the governing  bodies of taxation. Salary The employees are paid highly when compared to the other supermarkets.   Working hours They will give only 2 hours per school children and 20 hours for the  people aged above 18. They follow equal employment and wages act and they provide more health and safety to  employees. Economical Factors- Inflation Rates Unemployment Levels Income Labour laws Skill level of work force Social Factors Demographic Trends Level of education Culture living styles Lifestyles and Attitudes Technological factors Online shopping facility Self checkout tills Widespread availability and high speed broadband internet Electronic Data Interchange 4. Rational for the chosen topic: It is decided to research on the above topic, because of academic, personal and business perspectives. In academic carrier, research proposal study is very appropriate subject for course and my future purpose .This research paper is focused strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship. In this research paper we will go through the different methods implemented by Sainsbury to gain relation with a customer. In todays global market Customer relationship management (CRM) is one of the important  tactics to gain the relation between consumer and organisation. Customer relationship  management will leads to the enhancement of popularity of the organization in the global  market. In todays market many of the organisations are implementing this customer  relationship management because customer is the centre point at every business. From the  past records organisation came to single opinion i.e. which organisation has good relation  with it customer will survive for long period in the market. 5. Literature review: According to (Mike Hoots), Customer relationship management is implemented by most of  organizations to know the potential customers of their business and their requirements  expecting from organization side. The organization position in the global market may defined by the customer relations and  their satisfaction. In todays scenarios customer is the king and he is one and only option for  generating the revenue to the business. Customer plays a key role in almost of all the  industries which are service and manufacturing. The organization which is having good  customer satisfaction and excellent customer relationship will gain the business from the  market and the growth of that particular organization will be more when compared with other  organizations which are giving less priority to customer relationship. 6. Research questions: According to the reviewed literatures, they all mentioned that the important of customer satisfaction programme and in which ways it is gained in an organisation. But they did not discover that how the customer satisfaction programmes and customer satisfaction draws a path to a organisation toward success. Thus, this research proposal proposes to analyse to answer these questions: 1. What are the key activities included into Customer relationship management? 2. What are the customer services provided towards customer satisfaction? 3. To what extent does the Customer relationship management contribute to Sainsbury financial success? 7. Research objectives: Objectives of this research paper are to present the evidence for some of the questions and to  gain theoretical knowledge on whats customer relationship management and its effects on  the business. Find out Sainsburys improvement in customer satisfaction and its relationship with existing customers? What are the best approaches to gain a relationship with a loyalty customer? What are the influences of customer relationship on the Sainsburys business and its  development? What are the important strategies implementing by Sainsbury in customer relationship  management to return to its old market position in the retail sectors? 8. Methodologies: Methodology Exploratory research method chosen for this research paper Exploratory research will present the relationship which is existing between two different  variables. Before starting with exploratory research we shall know about the advantages in  taking this kind of research method and how it is more helpful than the other research  methods. Exploratory defines the relationship between the two distinct factors and it will be more  convenient method for this research. This research method is very flexible for providing a  understanding during the decision problems and opportunities. This research method will  help in grabbing the strategy fallowed by sainsburys for gaining the relationship with the  existing customers and to attract the new customers from the global market Sainsbury and customer relationship management are the two distinct variables in this  research paper. This research will goes on what are the different strategies fallowed by  Sainsbury to maintain good customer relationship. Exploratory research will be comfortable  method to carry this research. Data is gathering from either sides of the organization. Inside of a organisation data is  collected from employees and from the customers of Sainsbury That to data is collected from  the employees who are involved in maintaining customer relationship management. Data is  gathered by introducing myself to the customer and explaining the objective of the project  and later had chat about the satisfaction and impression on the organization. Due to casual chat with customer and enquired by about some important things like cost, quality and services providing and finally collecting the information from employees about the customer number of visits to that particular shop Later i followed the passive style, in which i observed reactions of the customers for the  services providing by the employees in the Sainsburys. This research paper is mainly focused to gain a brief understanding about the customer  behaviour; this study was done more qualitative rather than quantitative research. Qualitative  method was carried based on three types which are mentioned below. Face to face interview Semi-structured interview Passive style Face to face Interview- The face to face interview was done with topic related employees in  the Sainsburys and later conducting a interview to a customer directly. This face to face  interview is also called as In-depth interview. Semi-structured interview this is same as face to face interview but i distributed the pre-questionnaire concerning about the interview. Passive style- Passive style is the process of observing the customers without informing them. The customers are identified secretly when the employees are providing service. Apart from the three methods, fallowed the survey method. In the survey method i went through the secondary data like, company website, news papers  and the articles related to the Sainsbury. In this research paper the data collected through both quantitative and qualitative methods. In  the quantitative method the data is in the form of numbers and which is collected by using the questionnaire. The qualitative data which provides the information in the form of description  which is collected by conducting the interview to customers and the employees of  Sainsburys. This research paper needs a detail study so sample questionnaire is supplied to the existing and new customers of Sainsbury and even collected the information orally by asking about the services provided by Sainsbury. Data collection: When conducting data collection, the un structured interviews will be used with Tescos employees and customers to evaluate customer loyalty programme and investigate the customer perspectives. The data concern with perspectives like thinking, satisfaction and believes. To collect these qualitative data, un structured interviews will be suitable than other methods. Because, we can not have predetermined questions for the perspective which might change for place to place as well as person to person. That is why it is decided to conduct un structured interviews. The data will be collected with selected sample units by asking one or two opening questions and conversations for ten or fifteen minutes. The questions will interact with some matters, for example, why Tesco introduced loyalty card?, why the customer prefer often to shopping in Tesco?, how the customers fell when using loyalty card in Tesco?, what are the other services provided to customer? Is the loyalty programme useful to customer? At the mean time, do Tesco achieve its purposes by that programme? This interview will be conducted once a week for five weeks in the Tesco in London. Every time will choose different areas for research; this is because the answers of customers will vary from place to place. And 3 sample units will be selected to investigate each time. 6. Data Analysis: The collected data from fifteen sample units by interviews, will be analysed to accomplish the objective of research proposal. The obtained qualitative data such as opinions, satisfaction and believes will be analysed to decide that really the customer loyalty programme brings customer satisfaction as well as customer satisfaction brings financial success for Tesco within competitive market in UK. References Alan Bryman Emma Bell,2007, Business Research Methods, second edition, Oxford  University press, UK. Mc Burney White, 2007, Research methods, eighth edition, wadsworth cengage learning,  USA. John gill and Phil Johnson, 1991, Research methods for managers, first edition, paul chapman  publishing ltd, UK. AD Jankowicz,2000, Business Research projects, third edition, Thomson learning, UK. Judith Bell, 2008, Doing your Research project, fourth edition, open university press, MC  Graw hill education. UK. www.sainsburys.co.uk, 2010, Sainsbury company overview, (Online), Available from URL   http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=12, Accessed on 27th -03-2010. www2.sainsburys.co.uk, 2010, customer and marketing, (Online), Available from URL-  http://www2.sainsburys.co.uk/aboutus/recruitment/Store+Support+Centre/Custo mer+and+Marketing/Customer+and+Marketing+Overview.htm, Accessed on 01-04-2010.a www.thisislondon.co.uk, 2008, Sainsbury defies the City with yet more sales growth,  (Online), Available from URL-http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard- business/article-23496207-sainsbury-defies-the-city-with-yet-more-sales-growth.do, Accessed on 02-04-2010. www.oppapers.com, 2010, Customer relationship management, (Online), Available from  URL-http://w ww .oppapers .com/es s ays /Cus tomer- R elationship-Management/189988, Accessed on 07-04-2010. www.rgis.com, 2010, Sainsbury overview, (Online), Available from URL-  http://www.rgis.com/assets/pdfs/casestudies/Sainsbury_Case_Study.pdf, accessed  on 09th-04-2010. Corporate Strategy: Financial Strategy and Cultural Effects Corporate Strategy: Financial Strategy and Cultural Effects Introduction The objectives of this paper are two-fold: first, the paper looks at the role of financial strategy in an organisation, the risks faced by an entity and how these risks affect the financial strategy; second, the paper provides a discussion in relation to whether cultural factors have an impact on corporate strategy, as well as whether it is beneficial for an organisation to be ethical. The paper begins by looking at financial strategy and organisational risks. It will later consider cultural and ethical issues. The role of financial Strategy in an Organisation. Financial strategy can be defined as the practices adopted by a firm to achieve its financial objectives. (Harvey, 2004). According to Calandro and Flynn (2007) â€Å"financial strategy can be defined as an interdisciplinary methodology to more efficiently allocate resources within a firm to better or more economically satisfy customer preferences over time†. The later definition stresses the need for customer satisfaction indicating that shareholder value creation depends on customer satisfaction. Although an organisation’s overall objective is shareholder value maximisation, it can only achieve this through high levels of customer satisfaction because it is only through high levels of sales that profit can be generated and high levels of sales can only be achieved through high levels of customer satisfaction. The main financial objective of a profit-making entity is to maximise shareholder value. (Ogilvie, 2005). Shareholder value is measured by the returns shareholders receive each year, represented by the dividend received each year, plus the capital gains from capital appreciation, which is measured by the growth in the share price of the entity. In addition to maximising shareholder value an organisation may have other objectives such as satisfactory returns, high sales levels, high level of customer satisfaction, etc. (Ogilivie, 2005; Calandro and Flynn, 2007). Kaplan and Norton (1996) identify three different stages for a business and note that each of these stages has its own unique financial objectives. The three stages include: (1) rapid growth; (2) sustain; and (3) harvest. (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). At the rapid growth phase the financial objective will be to achieve sales growth, achieve sales in new markets and to new customers, achieve sales from new products and services, maintain adequate spending level for product and process development, establish new marketing, sales and distribution channels. At the sustain phase the organisation will emphasize traditional financial performance measurements, such as return on capital employed, operating income and gross margin. Standard discounted cash flows and capital budgeting analysis will be used to appraise investments although some companies may emphasise the use of more recent appraisal techniques such as economic value added and shareholder value added. At the harvest phase, the main financial objective will be to achieve sustainable levels of cash inflows, in which case any investment project must have immediate and certain cash paybacks. (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Financial strategy constitutes three main stages, which are temporarily linked in a financial feedback loop as shown in figure 1 below. These stages include: (1) strategy formulation; (2) resource allocation; and (3) performance measurement. An important aspect of strategy formulation is strategic planning, which according to Myers (1984) involves the process of deciding how to commit the firm’s resources across different lines of business. Based on the above discussion, one can observe that financial strategy plays an important role in an organisation. It enables the organisation to formulate its strategy, determine how to allocate its resources and enables the company to measure its performance. Financial strategy enables an entity to make an assessment of its financial needs, the sources of support required to meet its objectives and fulfil its mission while at the same time planning for growth and stability. Financial strategy is an indispensible prerequisite for the formulation and development of the budget. Organisations often face a number of risks. These include liquidity risks, interest rate risk, business risks, financial risks, etc. these risks may affect the financial strategy in a number of ways. Financial risk for example is the risk that the company may be unable to meet its commitments to repay interests and principal repayments on its long-term financial obligations. The effect of such a risk on the financial strategy is that the company will emphasise the use of internally generated funds and equity to finance long-term projects rather than issue bonds or other long-term debt securities. Interest rate risk may also affect the firm’s capital structure decision in that perceived high levels of interest rates on long-term debt may reduce the company’s motivation to use debt financing. Foreign exchange rate risk may affect the company’s prospects to expand production abroad, as well as the currency denomination of foreign contracts and sales. Liquidity risks may affect the company’s short-term borrowing. The presence of high liquidity risk may warrant the company to resort to a just-in-time inventory system, reduce short-term debtors by maintaining more strict short-term credit policies and factoring of accounts receivables. Effect of Cultural Factors on Corporate Strategy Andrews (1997: p. 52) defines corporate strategy as â€Å"the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organisation it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities†. Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). The definition of corporate strategies emphasises the need for the organisation to satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders if the organisation is to achieve is overall objective of maximising shareholder value. Stakeholders include employees, customers and the communities in which the organisation operates. Employees, customers and communities therefore have a significant impact on the success of the organisation and thus on the corporate strategy of the organisation. In formulating corporate strategy, organisations need to identify and priorities strategic issues, which involves scanning, selecting, interpreting and validating information. (Schneider, 1989) To properly formulate its corporate strategy, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. (Hofer and Schendel, 1984) cited in Schneider, (1998). This indicates that an organisation must perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis prior to formulating corporate strategy. A number of factors have been identified as having an effect on corporate strategy formulation: for example, Kets de Vries and Miller (1984) suggest that managerial personality and experience is an important determinant of the strategy formulation process; Janis (1972) considers group dynamics as an important factor affecting the formulation of corporate strategy while Frederickson (1984); Lyles and Mitroff (1985) suggest that organisational structure plays an important role in strategy formulation. Schneider (1998) citing Schein (1985) notes that National culture could play an important role in strategy formulation as it derives from assumptions regarding relationships with the environment as well as relationships among people. Schneider (1998) argues that these assumptions will influence how information is gathered and how that information is interpreted within the organization. The strategy formulation process can therefore not be considered ‘culture-free’ because information is embedded in social norms and acquires symbolic value as a function of a particular set of beliefs in a particular set of cultures. (Feldman and March, 1981). There are considerable differences in cultures across countries. Culture is defined as â€Å"a system of shared assumptions that has developed over time to solve problems of environmental adaptation and internal integration†. (Schneider,, 1998: p. 152) citing Schein (1985); Van Maanen and Barley (1983). Culture is expected to affect the process by which the environment is known and responded to because it is thought to influence the way people perceive, think, feel and evaluate. (Schneider,, 1998). There are two sets of cultural assumptions that are thought to be specifically relevant to the formulation of corporate strategy. These include external adaptation and internal integration. (Schneider, 1998). On the one hand, external adaptation refers to the relationship with the environment while internal integration on the other hand refers to the relationships among people. The forgoing indicates that cultural factors have a significant effect on corporate strategy and thus calls for a critical consideration of cultural differences especially for multinational companies that usually operate in a number of different countries with varying degrees of culture. A company therefore stands to gain a lot from being ethical. Companies that are perceived as being unethical may suffer from declining sales and thus declining profit margins. There are also differences as far as ethical issues are concerned. What may be considered unethical in one country may be considered ethical in another country. For example, Muslim communities do not eat pork meat and thus will consider a company that attempts to market pork related products as contravening their cultural believes. In addition there are considerable differences in relation to organisational hierarchy across countries. In countries where power distance is considered very important, information is likely to flow only from top to bottom and not from bottom to top. In addition, an autocratic form of leadership is likely to prevail in such societies. On the contrary, in a country where power distance is considered less important, there would be a two way flow of information and a democratic leadership style is likely to prevail. For example, Motorola faced a number of problems when it expanded its activities to South Korea. (Siegal et al., 2007). In like manner IKEA, the giant furniture dealer faced difficulties when it expanded its activities into the United States. (Grol et al., 1998). BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews K. (1997). Resources and Strategy: A Reader, edited by Nicolai J. Foss. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198781792, 9780198781790 Calandro, J. Jr., Flynn, R. (2007). â€Å"On Financial Strategy†, Business Strategy Series, vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 409-417. Harvey G. (2004) â€Å"Financial strategy† available online at: http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Financial+strategy Grol, PC, Schoch, C, CPA. (1998). IKEA: managing cultural diversity. In Cases in International Organizational Behavior. Oddou G, Mendenhall M (eds.). Blackwell: Malden MA; 88-112. Janis, I. L. (1972) â€Å"Victims of groupthink†, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1996), â€Å"Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy†, California Management Review, vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 53-79. Feldman, M. S., and J. G. March (1981) â€Å"Information in organizations as signal and symbol†, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 26, pp. 171-186. Fredrickson, J. W. (1984) â€Å"The comprehensive of strategic decision processes: extension, observations, future directions†, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 445-466. Kets de Vries, M. F. R., and D. Miller (1984) â€Å"The neurotic organization†. San Francisco : Jossey Bass. Lyles, M. A., and I. I. Mitroff (1980) â€Å"Organizational problem formulation:  an empirical study†. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 25, pp. 102-119. Myers, S. C. (1984). â€Å"Finance theory and financial strategy†, INTERFACES, vol. 14 No. 1 pp. 126-137 Ogilvie, J. (2005). Financial Strategy, Butterworth-Heinemann ISBN 0750664894, 9780750664899 Schneider S. C. (1989), â€Å"Strategy Formulation: The Impact of National Culture†, Organization Studies, vol. 10, pp. 149-168. Siegel, J. I., Licht, A. N., Schwartz S H. (2007). Egalitarianism, Cultural Distance, and FDI: A New Approach available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=957306

Dr Spock :: Essays Papers

Dr Spock Benjamin Spock â€Å"Dr.Benjamin Spock, hailed as the grandfather of pediatrics, is known as the leading authority on child rearing.† (Gale 1997) Dr. Benjamin Spock was born on May 2 1903 in New Haven Connecticut, The oldest of six children of a lawyer. Spock attended Yale university, where he became a member of the Yale rowing crew that won the gold metal at the 1924 Olympic games in Paris. Spock planned to pursue a career in architecture, but changed his mind after spending a summer as a camp counselor. From that point on he decided to become a doctor so that he could devote his life to helping children. From there on , Dr. Spock has been know as the authority on how to raise achild. Spock has written over 12 books on the subjects pertaining to child development and care. His first book Baby and Child Care published in 1945, has since sold more than 40 million copies., making it second only to the bible sales worldwide. The book has also been translated into 39 different languages. Not only is Spock known for being a great pediatrician and author, but he is known as a political activist as well. Spock was a high-profile political activist in the 1960’s. Spock came under fire from critics like Vice president Spiro Agnew in the 1960’s who branded him â€Å"The father of permissiveness† responsible for a generation of hippies. Spock joined those youths in protests against nuclear technology and the Vietnam war and in 1967 led a march on the Pentagon. He was arrested numerous times for civil disobedience, and even ran for U.S. president as a candidate for the people’s party in 1972. Dr. Spock’s last contribution to this society came out in 1994 in the form of his last book. A Better World For Our Children, which contained recommendations for

The Barraging Dos Information System

Its concern is to store, retrieve, organize, and update the residents' record. It will lessen the papers they handle and they can process the requirements needed by the residents of their Barraging in the shortest time. It was also developed to reduce the hard and long-time procedure of accessing files and records they keep. This will also avoid duplication of data. All information about the Barraging residents will be recorded in the database to lessen the paper works and to reduce the work of the employees.The system will be effective in maintaining, searching ND storing records of all residents In the barraging. Implementing the Barraging Information System in their Barraging will eliminate the manual process Of transactions they usually do. TO use the System, the user should have knowledge in using the computer which is very important. The study focused on how to compile all the information using this system which will clearly update and edit the information without any further m istake.Project Schedule It Describes a listing of a project's milestones, activities, and deliverables, usually with intended start and finish dates. Those items are often estimated in terms of resource allocation, budget and duration, linked by dependencies and scheduled events. Define project specification a. Find and identify Barraging b. Preliminary Barraging interview c. Data gathering and feasibility study d. Identifying requirements e. Final Barraging interview f.Generate project Proposal 190 II. System analysis and design a. Determining Feasibility b. Review of Existing System c. Data flow diagram Development d. Entity relationship diagram development e. Table relationship diagram development f. User interface development Figure 3 Task, Duration, and Dependency Table The table above shows the task and its duration and the dependencies of each that must flow in order. The group started the project on July 201 3 and he estimated date that the project will end is February 2014. Legend: A-Ezra Model B – Reined Molecular Nolan Decent C D – Marital Kananga PERSON RESPONSIBLE IV. Define project specification V. System analysis and design d. Entity relationship diagram development f. User interface development Table 4 Task, Duration, and Person Responsible The table above shows the task and its duration and the responsible for each developer during the project development for proposed Business Permits, Licensing and Treasury System for the Municipality of Stop. Tomato's Business Permits, Licensing and Treasury offices.

Claudio’s fall from grace in Much Ado About Nothing Essay

It is often said that Shakespeare meant Claudio to be the hero of the play as the climax of the play (the court scene) revolves around his love story and he finally achieves his beloved in the denouement. However, as the play progresses Claudio fails to live up to the expectation of being a hero and is barely tolerable through the course of the play. Claudio is a young Florentine and serves as Don Pedro’s right hand man. The very first impression that the audience gets of him is very deceptive just as the rest of the play is. He is said to have achieved ‘the feats of a lion in the figure of a lamb’. As the exposition scene progresses, Claudio reveals his feelings regarding Hero to Don Pedro. However, this impacts Claudio’s image negatively as he allows Don Pedro to woo Hero in his place. His manliness is put to question as he is not even brave enough to declare love to the person he loves. ‘The prince woos in Claudio’s name’ and discloses Claudio’s feelings to Leonato. In the meanwhile, Claudio acting like a fool is deceived by Don John into believing that Don Pedro has wooed for himself. Claudio appears to be a gullible character as he is deceived by the very devil into mistrusting his dearest friend. He is a brave person and a likeable man but his exasperating credulity takes the merits from all these qualities away and leaves Claudio hinging between a smart and a petty character. Though foolish and naà ¯ve in judgement, Claudio is still loved and trusted by his friends. Claudio plays a crucial role in the gull of Benedick as he becomes the via media of information from Hero about Beatrice’s love for Benedick. His presence in the scene makes it more believable and thus Claudio becomes an important character in the development of the plot in the story. The play progresses and Borachio and Don John approach Don Pedro and Claudio to carry out their master plan. On hearing, what Don John has to say, Claudio reacts impulsively without giving the situation a second thought. He believes in what Don John is saying and aggressively declares ‘If I see anything tonight why I should not marry her, tomorrow, in the congregation where I should wed, there will I shame her. Claudio’s gullibility is again showcased as he believes Don John that the person he loves is disloyal Moreover this is the person who’s compared to Diana for her virtues and Claudio readily believes her to be disloyal because the villain says so. It is in Act 4 scene 1 that all hell breaks loose and Claudio loses all respect in the eyes of the audience. Claudio openly slanders Hero. He appears to be a petty man who is only capable of judging people superficially and incapable of reacting in a calm and mature manner. He mirrors a typical Elizabethan man who is very misogynistic in his attitude. Shakespeare critics the chivalric notion of honour through Claudio and shows the co-existence of the two paradoxical notions of chivalry and misogyny. Claudio’s self-deception of being righteous and his lack of true judgement leaves the audience disgusted at him after the court scene. This feeling of disgust is heightened as Claudio fails to show any signs of guilt in his behaviour and looks for entertainment from Benedick. Even when he is informed of Hero’s death by Leonato, he doesn’t even show an iota of remorse. However, when the truth comes to light, he agrees upon repenting for his mistakes. So far so that, he doesn’t even protest taking Antoni’s daughter’s hand in marriage. This reflect upon his superficial love and how he never felt any love but was simply attracted towards Hero. His behaviour again undergoes a complete volte-face as he discovers that Hero is not dead and instantly falls in love with her again. These incidents lead us to believe that Claudio is a loosely basted character who’s behaviour is everchanging and is easily gullible and extremely impulsive in nature. Shakespeare gives to Claudio the affluence of vitality, which necessarily creates an extenuating perspective for his conduct. This makes the worst of his aberrations tolerable and thus slightly likeable. Also, Claudio’s presence in the play gives us a contrast between courtly love and true, deep-rooted love. His fall from grace gives a contrast to Benedick’s character as Benedick continuously grows from being a bit of a nonsensical character as to being a man of morals and solidarity. It is Claudio’s fall from grace and Benedick’s rise to manliness that bring about the main developments in the plot during the course of the play.

How to Remove Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate Adhesive)

How to Remove Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate Adhesive) Super Glue is a strong, fast-acting adhesive that sticks to just about anything almost instantly, so its easy to accidentally glue your fingers together or drip the glue onto clothes or surfaces. Even though it sets quickly and wont wash off, you can remove Super Glue with acetone. Acetone: The Anti-Super Glue Super Glue is a cyanoacrylate adhesive. Its impervious to water, but it can be dissolved in an organic solvent such as acetone. Some nail polish removers contain acetone, but be sure to check the label because many acetone-free products are available and will not dissolve Super Glue. You can find pure acetone in stores that sell home or art supplies because it is a useful solvent. If you view the Material Safety Data Sheet for acetone, youll see its flammable and toxic, so its not a chemical you want to ingest or inhale. It is absorbed into the skin on contact. It dehydrates and de-fats skin, so wash any spills with soap and water and apply a moisturizer, if possible. Removing Super Glue How you apply the acetone depends on what you stuck together with the glue. Do not apply acetone to your eyes or lips, but its still possible to remove Super Glue from other areas. Fabric: Acetone will remove Super Glue from fabric, but it may discolor the material or alter its texture. Work acetone into the affected area from both sides. Use a gloved finger or a soft-bristled toothbrush. The acetone will dissolve the glue and be rinsed away by still more acetone. Acetone evaporates quickly, but wash any fabrics that can withstand cleaning. Glass: Super Glue does not bond very well to glass, so you can scrape it off. It may help to soak the affected area in water until the glue is loosened. Acetone wont harm glass, but its use shouldnt be necessary. Counters and surfaces: Acetone dissolves Super Glue on counters and surfaces, but it may harm varnish on wood. It will cause some plastics to become cloudy in appearance and it may discolor some materials. Try to pry or scrape off the adhesive using acetone as a last resort. Skin: For fingers and most body parts, remove Super Glue by soaking the skin in warm water and then slowly peeling away the glue. You can usually pull the stuck skin apart because your skin is more likely to tear than to detach from the glue using this method. If necessary, apply a small amount of acetone using a cotton swab. Since acetone is toxic, avoid using it if possible. If you do need to use acetone, apply only the smallest amount needed to remove the glue. When to Seek Medical Help If you stick together lips or eyelids or if Super Glue gets stuck on an eyeball, contact a physician: Do not use acetone. The cyanoacrylate adhesive bonds instantly to moist areas, so its nearly impossible to swallow liquid Super Glue or for it to travel far into the eyes. Thats the good news. The bad news is that youll have to wait for your cells to rid themselves of the glue on their own. Fortunately, eye and lip tissue regenerates very quickly, so the glue naturally detaches. If you get Super Glue on your eyeball or eyelids, you may wish to wear an eye patch or cover it with gauze. The glue naturally detaches from an eyeball after several hours. According to Super Glue Corporation, there are no known cases of permanent damage from this type of injury. It may take a couple of days to unstick eyelids or lips, although tears and saliva hasten the removal. People who have stuck their lips together tend to work at it with their tongue, but even if you leave the area alone, it will un-stick in one to two days.

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Combating Compassion Fatigue - Essay Example Burnout is one of the major concepts of compassion fatigue. The signs of burnout, according to Espeland (2006), includes that the nurses are always exhausted, they are cynical and feel detached, and they feel that they are ineffective. They also exhibit signs that include anger, depression, paralysis, feeling stuck, irritability, cynicism, bitterness and negativity towards others, the self, and the world (Espeland, 2006). Job stress is another concept of compassion fatigue, according to Chen et al. (2009). They state that signs of job stress include job absences, conflicts with staff members, depression, staff turnover, and inferior caregiving. The difference between job stress and burnout is that burnout is the result of unrelenting job stress, over a period of time, therefore job stress is a lessor version of burnout. Compassion fatigue itself is an expanded version of burnout. As stated below, compassion fatigue is really burnout plus the fact that the nurses have to deal with very sick and dying patients, much of the time, as with oncology nurses, who exhibit high levels of compassion fatigue. According to Bush (2009), the signs of compassion fatigue are that the nurse identifies and integrates the grief, emotions and fears of their patients, and this means that their own stress and emotional pain are exacerbated. The nurses experience a kind of vicarious trauma in these situations, as they absorb the emotions of their patient, and this affects the nurse’s perceptions of trust, safety, self-esteem, control, and intimacy (Bush, 2009). Nature of the Problems and their Causes The nature of the problem of burnout is that it results in severe mental fatigue and is an energy drain, according to Espeland (2006). Espeland (2006) states that burnout also results in depersonalization and a reduced feeling of accomplishment. Espeland (2006) further states that there are five work situations which might contribute to job burnout. One is that there is ambiguity on the job, as there is a lack of goals and information. No-win situations represent another type of employment issue which contributes to burnout, and this means that the manager is always dissatisfied, no matter how well the nurses perform. Role overload is the third situation, and this means that the nurses have too many responsibilities. Role conflict is the fourth situation, which means that there are conflicting responsibilities and the nurses feel pulled in different directions. The fifth situation is when the nurses are underpaid, despite the fact that they work hard. Compassion fatigue is slightly different from burnout, but described by Bush (2009) as being an expanded form of burnout. In this case, it is distinguished from burnout, according to Bush (2009) by the fact that, in addition to there being stressors in the workplace, like between

Why the Working Age Should Be Lowered to 15 Essay

Why the Working Age Should Be Lowered to 15 - Essay Example One learns the important factors such as punctuality; the child learns the importance of time and completing the assigned tasks before the deadlines. Moreover, he/she learns to follow through and stand up to what he/she has committed to. This helps the children in evaluating the responsibilities that their parents are carrying and it teaches them the importance of money; one should first work really hard. It is obvious that most of the young children of around the age of 14-16 would prefer to sleep in. But if they set that pattern of getting up early in the morning and understanding their responsibility it may be hard to break when they grow up (Goldenthal 1983). Another important skill that children might evaluate is their ability to communicate with different people belonging to different fields of life and with totally different temperaments and personalities. While working, they may have to communicate with other kids, their colleagues, their bosses and the parents of other kids as well. These things would certainly help the young kids in getting a taste of the practical world very early in the age. They would learn from their mistakes and bad experiences and will turn out to be successful and productive citizens of the society (Goldenthal 1983). Working at an early age results in the gain of experience for the youngster and that each job leads to another. For example, when a child would be working at a position where he can perform well, he can be contacted by other employers for different positions. This leads to the psychological maturation of the child helps him in facing the problems and solving them in different circumstances. Moreover, the benefits of having a job at the age of 15 revolve around the potential of the youngster.